![]() It also includes leukocytes (white blood cells)-such as neutrophils, macrophages (which release cytokines), and natural killer cells-that attempt to identify and eliminate foreign pathogens. The innate immune system includes physical barriers, such as the skin and gut epithelium, that help prevent pathogen entry. The immune system defends the body against pathogens that cause disease and is comprised of innate responses, which are the first line of defense, and adaptive responses, which become engaged later. Nevertheless, sales of dietary supplements marketed for immune health increased after the emergence of COVID-19 because many people hoped that these products might provide some protection from SARS-CoV-2 infection and, for those who develop COVID-19, help reduce disease severity. And by law, dietary supplements are not allowed to be marketed as a treatment, prevention, or cure for any disease only drugs can legally make such claims. Ĭurrently, data are insufficient to support recommendations for or against the use of any vitamin, mineral, herb or other botanical, fatty acid, or other dietary supplement ingredient to prevent or treat COVID-19. In addition, thousands of individuals-possibly 10% to 75%-who have had COVID-19 report symptoms of “long COVID” (including fatigue, muscle weakness, sleep difficulties, and cognitive dysfunction) for several months after the acute stage of illness has passed. Some individuals with COVID-19 become severely ill, usually starting about 1 week after symptom onset severe COVID-19 often involves progressive respiratory failure and may also result in life-threatening pneumonia, multiorgan failure, and death. Common initial signs and symptoms include cough, fever, fatigue, headache, muscle aches and pain, and diarrhea. IntroductionĬOVID-19, the disease caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged in 2019 and has infected over 230 million people worldwide as of Octo. Data are insufficient to support recommendations for or against the use of any vitamin, mineral, herb or other botanical, fatty acid, or other dietary supplement ingredient to prevent or treat COVID-19.
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